CHAPTER 1 – CULTISM
1.1 MEANING
Cultism refers to the membership and activities of cult groups. It involves secret and illegal activities carried out by members whose behaviours are unacceptable to society. Cult groups operate secretly, usually at night, and their meeting places are known only to members.
In Nigeria, cultism is common in tertiary institutions and has also spread to some secondary schools, making life unsafe for peaceful students.
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1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTISM
- Members are bold, daring, and often wear expensive clothes.
- New members are secretly initiated and made to swear oaths of secrecy.
- Members assist one another at all times, regardless of justice or fairness.
- They use secret signs, symbols, and passwords known only to members.
- Members may appear kind and quiet but are often deceitful, violent, and dangerous.
- They carry weapons that can be hidden in bags or pockets.
- Excessive use of alcohol and hard drugs is common among members.
- Members are often involved in immoral activities such as womanizing.
1.3 TYPES OF CULT GROUPS
There are many cult groups in Nigerian institutions, with over forty identified groups. Examples include:
- Buccaneers
- Mafia
- Blood Suckers
- Vikings Fraternity
- Eiye Confraternity
- Black Eye
- Dragon
- Black Cat
- Red Devils
- Green Scorpion
- Black Axe
- Trojan Horse
- Scorpion
- Panama
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Female-Based Cult Groups
Some cult groups are strictly for females. Examples include:
- Daughters of Jezebel
- Temple of Eden
- Barracudas
- Amazons
- Hot Brassiere
- Black Beret
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1.4 ORIGIN OF CULT GROUPS
Cult groups have existed in Africa for a long time. Among the Yoruba people, the Ogboni Fraternity served as a traditional group of elders whose role was to check the excesses of rulers.
Other traditional cults in Nigeria include Ekine, Ekpe, Okonko, and others.
Modern cultism in Nigerian institutions began with the formation of the Pyrates Confraternity at the University of Ibadan in 1952 by male students. Their objectives were to:
- Resist the imposition of foreign culture by colonial rulers.
- Work towards Nigeria’s independence.
- Fight corruption, indiscipline, and tribalism.
- Encourage humanitarian activities such as blood donation and charity.
However, some members misbehaved and were expelled. They later formed rival groups, which led to the spread of cultism. From 1980 to date, campus cultism has continued to increase.
1.5 WHY STUDENTS JOIN CULT GROUPS
- Family Background: Children of former cult members may be influenced to join.
- Economic Hardship: Poverty and lack of parental support attract students to cult groups that offer financial assistance.
- Misconception: Prospective members are deceived with false promises of academic and social advantages.
- Peer Pressure: Friends influence one another to join cult groups.
- Curiosity: Desire to verify rumours about cult activities.
- Lack of Self-Confidence: Desire for protection, popularity, and a sense of belonging.
- Unemployment and False Promises: Some are promised future jobs if they join cult groups.
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1.6 CONSEQUENCES OF CULTISM
- Promotes violence and armed clashes between rival groups.
- Cult members are potential murderers and engage in killings.
- Breakdown of law and order in schools and society.
- Disruption of academic activities.
- Corruption of societal values through crime, immorality, drug abuse, and violence.
- Leads to mental health problems such as insanity.
1.7 GOVERNMENT’S POSITION ON CULTISM
To curb cultism, the government has:
- Made students sign a matriculation oath against cult membership.
- Ordered the expulsion of students found to be cult members.
- Ensured that arrested cult members are prosecuted and jailed if found guilty.
1.8 SOCIETY’S POSITION ON CULTISM
- Society strongly condemns cultism.
- Responsible parents prevent their children from associating with cult members.
- Cult members are often suspected of crimes in the community.
- Responsible employers refuse to employ known cult members.
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1.9 PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST CULTISM
- Parents should properly train and monitor their children.
- Students should be encouraged to join religious groups.
- Schools should provide sports and recreational facilities.
- Seminars and enlightenment programmes should be organized regularly.
- Voluntary organizations should make their programmes attractive.
- Schools should establish effective counselling units.
- Institutions should enact and enforce strict anti-cult laws.
- Religious bodies should organize programmes against cult practices.
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