ELECTORAL SYSTEM IN GOVERNMENT - JAMB & WAEC GUIDE - KEY POINTS

ELECTORAL SYSTEM

Electoral system can be defined as the process and procedure by which citizens of a democratic country select through either direct voting or indirectly those who will represent them in the parliament and other positions in the government.

FEATURES OF ELECTORAL SYSTEM

An independent and impartial electoral commission.
There should be regular and periodic elections as stipulated by the constitution.
The country should be delimitated into constituencies.
Universal adult suffrage should be adopted.
Voting should be conducted in an atmosphere devoid of intimidation, molestation and victimization.
All interest groups in the country should be represented in the legislature.
There should be an acceptable way of nominating candidates for elections.

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MERITS OF LIMITED OR RESTRICTED FRANCHISE

TYPES OF ELECTORAL SYSTEM

A. PLURALITY SYSTEM OR SIMPLE MAJORITY SYSTEM: This system is usually referred to as first past the post or simple majority system. Under this system of election, the candidate who polls the highest vote is declared the winner.

MERITS OF PLURALITY SYSTEM

It is simple to operate as candidate with the highest vote is declared the winner.
It is less expensive because there is no second balloting.
A winner is always sure to emerge at the end of the ballot.
The system discourages the formation of coalition government.
Minority groups have the chance of ruling through this system.

DEMERITS OF PLURALITY SYSTEM

It is undemocratic because, it neglects the wishes of the majority of the voters.
Major ethnic groups can use their majority strength to secure simple majority at the expense of the minority groups.
It may enthrone mediocre into power.
It encourages election rigging in order to secure the highest number of votes.
The elected representatives and government are not the wishes of the people.

MERITS OF LIMITED OR RESTRICTED FRANCHISE

B. ABSOLUTE MAJORITY SYSTEM: In this system of vote, before any candidate is declared a winner, that candidate must score more than 50 percent of the votes cast.

MERITS OF ABSOLUTE MAJORITY SYSTEM

It is a reflection of the wishes of the people.
In this system, there is no room for unpopular candidate.
It produces credible candidates judging from the outcome of the election.

DEMERITS OF ABSOLUTE MAJORITY SYSTEM

It is expensive and time consuming.
It is more cumbersome to operate than simple plurality system.
It tends to encourage abuse in the sense that, it compels leading candidates to woo the support of other candidates

C. SECOND BALLOT SYSTEM: This system involves two ballots. Firstly, the successful candidate is required to obtain an absolute majority of the votes cast that is 50 percent plus one. If this is not obtained by any of the candidates, a second ballot is required, and those candidates having less than 10 percent of the total votes in the first ballot will have to withdraw. The winning candidate is then required to secure a simple majority.

D. THE ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM: In this system of vote, a voter is given a ballot paper with the names of the contesting candidates. The voter has to vote by writing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc, in order of his preference depending on the number of candidates contesting the election. If there is no absolute majority, the candidates who score least can be dropped and his vote distributed to other candidates according to the second preference of the voter.

MERITS OF ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM

Candidates backed by the voters are elected through this system.
The system represents the interest of the various different groups in a country.
The system is more democratic than plurality system because it takes care of the majority of the voters
It does not enthrone mediocre into power
The system avoids waste of surplus votes

MERITS OF LIMITED OR RESTRICTED FRANCHISE

DEMERITS OF ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM

The system is difficult to operate as a result of its complexities.
It encourages the formation of many political parties.
This system cannot operate very well in under-developed nation because, majority of the citizens are illiterates who can never understand the system.
It is very difficult to ascertain election results in this system.
The system is very expensive to operate and time and energy wasted.

E. PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION SYSTEM: This system is used to elect representatives in multi-member constituencies. It is a method used to elect representatives into the legislature. The total number of votes which a party or group scores is calculated in proportion to the total number of votes cast.

MERITS OF PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION

It gives a true reflection of popular vote.
The system provides representation for all interest groups in the community.
It is a more democratic system.
The system protects the interest of the minority groups.
The system gives the voters wider choice.

DEMERITS OF PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION

It is a complicated form of election.
The system is also very expensive to operate.
The system encourages multiplication of political parties which results in election violence.
The system does not create room for political stability.
The multiplication of political parties makes it difficult for the voters to assess them very well before voting

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