CHAPTER 3: COMPUTER ETHICS AND HUMAN ISSUES

3.1 SECURITY AND ETHICAL ISSUES

• Viruses: A malicious program that attaches itself to other files, replicates, and can corrupt or destroy data and system files. Effect: Data loss, system crash, slowing down of operations.
• Worms: A standalone malicious program that replicates itself across a network without needing to attach to host files. Effect: Consumes network bandwidth, slows down the network, can carry other malicious payloads.
• Hackers: Individuals who gain unauthorized access to computer systems or networks. Can be destructive (Black Hat) or constructive (White Hat/Ethical). Effect: Data theft (financial, personal), system damage, disruption of service.
• Spammers: Individuals or systems that send unsolicited bulk electronic messages (spam), typically commercial advertising or fraud attempts. Effect: Wastes time and bandwidth, clogs inboxes, and increases risk of phishing attacks.

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3.2 PREVENTIVE MEASURES

• Antivirus Software: Programs designed to detect, prevent, and remove malicious software by scanning files and monitoring system activity.
• Firewalls: A system (hardware or software) that acts as a security barrier between a trusted network (internal) and an untrusted network (Internet).It monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules.
• Encryption: The process of converting data (plaintext) into a coded form (ciphertext) to prevent unauthorized access, particularly during transmission or storage.
• Network Policies: Formal rules and procedures defining acceptable network usage, password complexity, and data access rights to maintain security.
• Safe Practices Online: Using strong, unique passwords, regularly updating software (to patch vulnerabilities), being wary of suspicious emails (phishing), and using secure (HTTPS) connections.

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3.3 LEGAL ISSUES

• Copyright: A legal right granted to the creator of original works (software, written text, images, audio, video) to control its reproduction and distribution.²¹ Protects the expression of an idea, not the idea itself.
• Privacy: The right of individuals to control the collection, storage, and use of their personal information by businesses and governments.
• Cybercrimes: Criminal activities carried out using computers or the internet:
  • Identity Theft: Stealing another person’s personal data (SSN, credit card details, passwords) to commit fraud or impersonate them.
  • Internet Fraud: Using the internet to deceive victims into giving up money or personal information (e.g., phishing, advance-fee scams).
  • Hacking: Gaining unauthorized access to systems or data, often involving bypassing security measures.

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