7.0 INTRODUCTION TO MACHINES
Machines are basic mechanical devices that help perform work with less effort.
TYPES OF SIMPLE MACHINES
- Lever: A rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point (fulcrum).Used to lift or move loads with less effort.
TYPES OF LEVERS
- First-Class Lever: Fulcrum is located between the effort and the load (e.g., seesaw). It increases force or distance.
- Second-Class Lever: Load is located between the fulcrum and the effort (e.g., wheelbarrow). Always increases force.
- Third-Class Lever: Effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load (e.g., tweezers). Increases distance but requires more effort.
Inclined Plane: A flat surface tilted at an angle. It reduces the effort needed to lift objects by allowing them to be raised over a distance.- Wheel and Axle: A larger wheel attached to a smaller axle. It facilitates easier movement of loads.
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Pulley: A wheel with a groove for a rope or cable. It changes the direction of force and can be used to lift heavy objects.
7.1 MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA)
Mechanical advantage is the ratio of the output force to the input force. It indicates how much a machine amplifies force.
It is calculated by the formula:
MA = Output Force / Input Force or
MA = Load / Effort
A higher mechanical advantage means less input force is needed to perform the same work.
7.2 VELOCITY RATIO (VR)
Velocity ratio is the ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load. It indicates how much the speed of the effort is increased or decreased by the machine.
Mathematically,
VR = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved by load
7.3 EFFICIENCY OF MACHINES
Efficiency is the ratio of useful work output to the total work input, expressed as a percentage. It indicates how well a machine converts input energy into useful work.
7.4 EFFICIENCY OF MACHINES
The efficiency of a machine is the ratio of its useful output work (or energy) to the total input work (or energy), usually expressed as a percentage, and measures how well the machine converts input into useful output.
Machine efficiency quantifies how effectively a machine converts input energy into useful output energy or work.
Mathematically,
Efficiency = (Useful Work Output / Total Work Input) × 100%
Efficiency = (M.A / V.R) × 100%
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