6.0 INTRODUCTION
Friction is a force that opposes the relative motion of two surfaces in contact. It plays a crucial role in everyday life and various physical processes.
TYPES OF FRICTION
- Static Friction: Prevents an object from starting to move, acts when the object is at rest.
- Dynamic (Kinetic) Friction: Acts on an object that is already in motion, generally less than static friction.
6.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF FRICTION
- Friction always acts in the opposite direction to the applied force or the direction of motion.
- The amount of friction depends on the nature of the surfaces in contact and the normal force pressing them together.
- Coefficient of Friction: This is a dimensionless number that represents the ratio of the frictional force between two bodies and the normal force pressing them together. It varies for different materials.
- The coefficient of limiting friction (μ) is a dimensionless value that represents the ratio of the maximum static friction force to the normal force acting on an object, It can be determined experimentally by gradually increasing the applied force on an object until it just begins to move.
The Coefficient of Limiting Friction is given by:
μ=F/R
Where – F is the maximum static friction force; R is the normal reaction.
6.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
ADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
- It enables walking and driving by providing the necessary grip.
- It allows for the operation of machines and tools by preventing slipping.
- It is essential in braking systems for vehicles.
DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
- It causes wear and tear on moving parts, leading to maintenance issues.
- It generates heat, which can lead to energy loss in mechanical systems.
- It can hinder motion, requiring additional energy to overcome.
6.3 METHODS OF REDUCTION OF FRICTION
- Lubrication: Applying oils or greases to reduce direct contact between surfaces.
- Using Ball Bearings: Reduces friction by allowing rolling motion instead of sliding.
- Surface Treatment: Smoothing surfaces or using materials with lower friction coefficients.
6.4 VISCOSITY
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. It describes the thickness of the fluid.
It can also be defined as a measure of a fluid’s rate-dependent resistance to a change in shape or to movement of its neighboring portions relative to one another.
FACTORS AFFECTING VISCOSITY
- Temperature (decreases with increasing temperature)
- The nature of the fluid – varies across different fluids.
6.5 TERMINAL VELOCITY
Terminal velocity is the constant speed that a freely falling object eventually reaches when the resistance of the medium (like air) prevents further acceleration.
FACTORS INFLUENCING TERMINAL VELOCITY
- The object’s weight: Heavier objects have a higher terminal velocity.
- The shape and surface area: Streamlined shapes reduce air resistance, leading to a higher terminal velocity.
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