15.1 FRACHISE

Franchise may be defined as the political rights of qualified adult (male and female) citizens of a given country, to vote and be voted for, in any political political election.

TYPES OF FRANCHISE

A.      LIMITED OR RESTRICTED FRANCHISE – This is the type of franchise whereby not all qualified adults are allowed to vote or to be voted for. The right to vote is only granted to only those adults that fulfil certain conditions. The criteria may depend on one’s race, sex, property owned, evidence of payment of taxes etc.

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MERITS OF LIMITED OR RESTRICTED FRANCHISE

1. It gives few well informed citizens the opportunity to vote after critical scrutiny of the candidates.
2. It seems to be more mature elections than unlimited franchise.
3. It makes use of qualified candidates than the universal franchise.
4. It prevents foreigners who do not know much about the candidates contesting elections from voting.
5. Limited franchise disallowed people of unsound mind like lunatics, criminals, bankrupts, etc to vote.
6. Limited franchise reduces the rate of election violence
7. It makes the tax payers to watch their representatives on the utilization of their tax money.

DEMERITS OF LIMITED OR RESTRICTED FRANCHISE

1. It does not give all qualified adults equality of chance to vote.
2. Limited franchise is prone to corruption because, the few people allowed to vote can all be bribed.
3. Those elected through limited franchise do not reflect popular choice.
4. Limited franchise is less democratic.
5. Majority of the citizens of the country do not show interest in the affairs of the government since they were not allowed to vote.
6. Many eligible voters do not know their representatives.
7. The representatives seem to be imposed on the majority of the citizens.

B.      UNLIMITED FRANCHISE OR UNIVERSAL ADULT SUFFRAGE – This is the type of franchise that allows all qualified men and women adults to vote and be voted for. This is the most popular form of franchise. It is constitutional and democratic.

MERITS OF UNLIMITED FRANCHISE OR UNIVERSAL ADULT SUFFRAGE

1. It gives qualified adults equality of votes.
2. It creates the opportunity of full participation of many citizens of a country in their electoral system.
3. It is a more democratic election.
4. It avoids discriminations based on sex, race, religion, etc.
5. It makes for a stable government because, participation of majority of the citizens in the election of their representatives reduces ill- feeling and revolts.

DEMERITS OF UNLIMITED FRANCHISE OR UNIVERSAL ADULT SUFFRAGE

1. It emphasizes quantity rather than quality of votes.
2. Majority of the adult voters allowed to vote are illiterates who vote blindly.
3. The involvement of many people in the voting encourages violent polling.
4. It encourages the election of many unqualified representatives elected through unlimited franchise seem to be mediocre in outlook.
5. It brings about victimization, intimidation of political opponents in the system.

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TYPES OF SUFFRAGE

1. Adult Suffrage: This involves the voting of adults (men and women), having the qualification.
2. Male Suffrage: This is a system whereby only adult male are allowed to vote.
3. Tax-Payers Suffrage: This is a system whereby only those who have been paying their taxes constantly can only vote.
4. Property Suffrage: In this type of suffrage, only those with enormous assets and wealth are allowed to vote

CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR ELIGIBILTY AS CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION

1. Age: A person wishing to contest elections must be up to the minimum age limit stipulated in the constitution. For example, in Nigeria, a person wishing to contest election for presidency must be up to 35 years of age.
2. Residential Qualification: The individual must have lived in the country for a number of years or months as spelt out in the constitution of the country.
3. Payment of Tax: He or she must be ready to provide the evidence of payment of tax at least for some years.
4. Payment of Election Deposit: A specified sum of money must be paid by those wishing to contest election in a country.
5. No Criminal Record: The person wishing to contest an election must not be an ex-convict, must not be found guilty of any criminal offence and must not be serving any form of imprisonment.
6. Sanity: The would-be candidate must be a person of sound and sane mind.
7. Citizenship: In many modern democratic countries, only citizens are qualified to contest elections.
8. Education: In most countries, qualitative education is a criterion for eligibility as election candidate.
9. Filling of Nomination Paper: A person wishing to contest election must fill his nomination paper at stipulated time supported by a specified number of persons.
10. Must not be banned: In a country like Nigeria presently banned former politicians are not qualified to contest elections.

15.2 ELECTORAL PROCESS

Election is defined as the act of choosing candidates to represent the people of a given country in the parliament, the executive and possibly into other areas of government as stipulated in the constitution of that country.

PURPOSE OF ELECTION

1. There is change in government which makes it easier for the people to remove a bad government.
2. It gives elected representatives the legitimate right to rule.
3. The people have the free choice of choosing leaders.
4. It ensures control and accountability.
5. It fosters democracy.
6. Electorates are educated about their rights.
7. Election enhances equality of citizens’ votes.

CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR THE CONDUCT OF A FREE AND FAIR ELECTION

A ‘fair’ electoral process is one where the ‘playing field’ is reasonably level and accessible to all electors, parties and candidates, and includes:

1. An independent, non partisan electoral organization to administer the process
2. Guaranteed rights and protection through the constitution and electoral legislation and regulations
3. Equitable representation of electors provided through the legislation
4. Clearly defined universal suffrage and secrecy of the vote
5. Equitable and balanced reporting in the media, and equal access to public media
6. Equitable opportunity for the electorate to receive political and voter information
7. Equitable treatment of electors, candidates and parties by election officials, the government, police, military and the judiciary
8. Open and transparent ballot counting process, and
9. Election process not disrupted by violence, intimidation or coercion

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