9.0 INTRODUCTION
Digestive System is a group of organs that work together to convert food into energy and nutrients that the body can use. It is also called the alimentary canal.
COMPONENTS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL
- Mouth: Begins the digestive process through chewing and saliva secretion.
- Oesophagus: A muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach.
- Stomach: Secretes gastric juices (acid and enzymes) to further break down food.
- Small Intestine: Composed of three parts (duodenum, jejunum, ileum); primary site for nutrient absorption. It is also called the colon.
- Large Intestine: Absorbs water and electrolytes; compacts waste into faeces and stores before elimination. It is also called the rectum.
- Anus: The opening through which faeces are expelled from the body.
9.1 ACCESSORY ORGANS
These are organs that assist in digestion but are not part of the alimentary canal.
TYPES OF ACCESSORY ORGANS
- Salivary Glands: Produce saliva, which contains enzymes that begin carbohydrate digestion.
- Liver: Produces bile, which helps emulsify fats; also processes nutrients absorbed from the small intestine.
- Gallbladder: Stores and concentrates bile before releasing it into the small intestine.
- Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine.
9.2 DIGESTIVE PROCESSES
- Ingestion: The intake of food through the mouth.
- Digestion: The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller molecules.
- Absorption: The process by which nutrients are taken up into the bloodstream from the small intestine.
- Elimination: The removal of indigestible substances and waste products from the body as faeces.
9.3 ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DIGESTION
- Amylase: Breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars; found in saliva and pancreatic juice.
- Proteases: Break down proteins into amino acids; produced in the stomach and pancreas.
- Lipase: Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol; produced in the pancreas.
9.4 MODIFICATIONS AND MECHANISMS OF FEEDING IN ANIMALS
- Absorbing mechanisms e.g tapeworms.
- Adaptation of tapeworms – Body Structure: Flat and Segmented; Maximizes surface area for nutrient absorption. Absorbs nutrients directly through the skin (tegument).
- Reproductive Adaptations – Hermaphroditic: Contains both male and female organs, allowing for high egg production.
- Attachment Mechanisms – Scolex: Features hooks and suckers for firm attachment to the host’s intestinal wall.
- Biting and Chewing mechanisms e.g Grasshopper.
- Piercing and Sucking mechanisms e.g., mosquitoes.
- Trapping and absorbing mechanisms e.g., bladderwort, sundew.
NUTRIENT ABSORPTION: Most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine, where villi and microvilli increase the surface area for absorption. Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells throughout the body.
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