COLONIALISM

18.1 BRITISH SYSTEM OF COLONIAL RULES

While some British colonies were ruled directly by the colonial office in London, others were ruled indirectly through local rulers who are supervised behind the scenes by British advisers.

A.      DIRECT RULE

Direct rule is a form of colonialism that involved the establishment of centralized foreign authority within a territory, which is run by colonial officials. It is when an imperial or central power takes direct control over the legislature, executive and civil administration of an otherwise largely self-government territory.

B.      INDIRECT RULE

The opposite of direct colonial rule is indirectly rule, which integrates preestablished local elites and native institutions into the government. Indirect rule allows local rulers to decide on things, try to groom the kinds to be like them and did not allow culture to say for the most part.

REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF INDIRECT RULE

1. To get the cooperation of rulers
2. ii. A means of purifying Nigerian Institutions
3. iii. Preservation of customs and tradition
4. iv. Consolidation of British hold on Nigeria
5. v. Persistence suffered by the British in the past
6. vi. Preparing Nigerians for self-governance

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18.2 FRENCH COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION

France obtained majority of west Africa nay Africa countries/colonies through the Berlin conference of 1884/85.France established a loose federation of her colonies with headquarters in Dakar, Senegal and appointed a governor -general resident in Dakar to supervise the activities of the federation. In her governance of the colonies France first practised the policy of assimilation and later on ,policy of association both based on direct rule.

A.      THE POLICY OF ASSIMILATION

MEANING – The French government first adopted the policy of assimilation known as direct rule system of their territories in west Africa- Senegal, ivory coast (Cote d’ ivore), Dahomey (now Benin Republic), Niger ,Guinea and Upper volta ( now Burkina faso). Assimilation means attempting to make black Africans became French in language and culture that is it was the colonial policy of the French government to make Africans adopt and use French education language, religion, law ,mode of dressing.

FEATURES OF THE POLICY OF ASSIMILATION

1. It was a direct system of administration supervised and coordinated by the resident Governor-general in Dakar.
2. It accorded African people French citizenship status and this provided Africans equal legal opportunities and privileges with their French counterparts.
3. The policy of assimilation was based on the belief that French culture was superior to other cultures and the African culture must be substituted with French culture.
4. The powers of the traditional rulers were reduced and the French officials approved policies and appointments for them.
5. The policies of forced labour and indigenisation were some of the features of the French colonial polices in west Africa.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FAILURE OF THE POLICY OF ASSIMILATION

1. Many French citizens criticised the policy of spending tax payers money in foreign colonies at the expense of the French people.
2. The type of education introduced contributed to the failure of the policy of assimilation.
3. The policy failed because it was rigid and discriminatory in its application to the people in the interior were required to renounce their culture before they could be granted French citizenship.
4. The implementation of the indigenisation policy which included imprisonment without trial and forced labour, accounted for the failure of the policy.
5. With the reduction in the power and scope of activities, the traditional leaders secretly undermined the effectiveness of the policy in the areas.

B.      THE POLICY OF ASSOCIATION

Following the weakness and failure of the policy of assimilation, France conceived the idea of the policy of association to replace assimilation. ASSOCIATION was the policy by which Africans associated with france in the political and economic realms not as frenchified Africans but as a people with their own distinct culture and traditions.

FEATURES OF THE POLICY OF ASSOCIATION

1. It decentralizes the political structure and allowed each local territory to develop at its own pace.
2. The Africans no longer regarded as French citizens but as inferior people were subjected to dehumanizing experiences such as forced labor.
3. The policy recognized the cultural diversity of the people.
4. Association granted some autonomy to the people recognized. The authority of traditional rulers as well as used some others natives in the administration of the local areas.
5. It abolished compulsory military service and the indigenous policy.

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POSITIVE IMPACT OF BRITISH AND FRENCH COLONIAL ADMINISTRATIONS IN WEST AFRICA

1. Emergence of the press: The press especially the print media (newspapers) developed and became the mouth piece of the people in the struggle for political independence.
2. Development of political parties: political parties emerged to champion the struggle for political independence.
3. Common legal system: There was the development of a common legal system among the colonial territories.
4. Trade relations: This was established with Britain and France for example, Britain is the major trading partner with its four former West African colonies.
5. Uniform Civil Service: The civil service was developed along that of the British and the French systems

COMPARISON OF THE BRITISH AND FRENCH COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION.

1. Britain used the indirect rule system which utilized African traditional rulers and retained the people’s customs and laws in the running of local affairs while France largely used direct rule through the policies of assimilation and association.
2. France provided social amenities and her development structures to her colonies than Britain did This was because France regarded these colonies as part of France while Britain saw her colonies merely as colonies that would soon be on their own.
3. The French constitution was also applicable to the colonies even though some sections were modified and amended to make them operational in the colonies. British colonies had their own bod of laws or constitutions.
4. Britain allowed the colonized peoples to retain their culture while France especially through assimilation sought to impose French culture and civilization on the people.
5. Because the educated elite were not significant in the indirect rule system, Britain was discriminatory towards them in her colonies while France gave the greatest recognition to the educated Africans. They were accorded the title and rights of French citizens.

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