7.0     DEFINITION OF SOLUBILITY

The term solubility refers to the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature to produce a stable solution.

In terms of mole per dm³, solubility is the maximum amount of solute in moles or grams that will saturate 1dm³ of a solvent, at a particular temperature.

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        7.1     SOLUTION AND ITS TYPES

A solution is a uniform or homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. An aqueous solution is a solution with water as its solvent.

• SATURATED SOLUTION – A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a specific temperature. Any additional solute will not dissolve and may form a precipitate.
• UNSATURATED SOLUTION – A solution that contains less solute than it can hold at a given temperature. More solute can be dissolved without changing the temperature until the solution becomes saturated.
• SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION – A solution is one which contains more of the solute than it can normally hold at that temperature. This can be achieved by heating the solution to dissolve more solute and then cooling it gently without allowing the excess solute to crystallize.

        7.2     SOLUBILITY CURVE

A solubility curve shows the relationship between temperature and the amount of solute that can dissolve.

You can deduce from the curve how much solute will dissolve at a specific temperature or whether a solution is unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated.

As temperature increases, solubility of solids generally increases (more solute can dissolve), while the solubility of gases decreases i.e Solubility is Temperature-Dependent.

SOLUTE – A dissolved substance, which may be solid, liquid or gas.

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        7.3     SOLVENT

A solvent is a substance that can dissolve a solute, forming a homogeneous solution. The most known example of solvent is water; others include ethanol, methanol, acetone, benzene etc. Solvents could be solid, liquid or gaseous (usually liquid).

Different solvents are used to dissolve fats, oils, and paints because these substances are non-polar, meaning water (a polar solvent) is ineffective at dissolving them. Common solvents include:

• Fats and oils: Dissolved by organic solvents like alcohol, petrol, kerosene, benzene, ether, and acetone.
• Paints: Solvents like turpentine and white spirit are used for thinning or removing paints.

NATURE OF SOLVENT – Water and other polar solvents dissolve most inorganic, ionic and polar substances and few organic ones. On the other hand, organic/non-polar solvents like ethanol, acetone, turpentine etc. are usually used to dissolve organic substances.

USES OF SOLVENT

• Solvents are used as cleaning agents e.g petrol, acetone, alcohol, spirits etc.
• They are used as paint thinners and varnishers e.g turpentine.
• They are used in the pharmaceutical industries to dissolve active ingredients for easy absorption by the body.
• It provides a medium for chemical reactions in laboratories/industries.
• Used in glue and adhesive formulations.
• They are used in the production of perfumes to dissolve essential oils and blend fragrances e.g ethanol.

        7.4     TRUE AND FALSE SOLUTIONS

TRUE SOLUTIONS – A true solution is a homogeneous mixture where solute is completely dissolved. Examples: an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI).

FALSE SOLUTIONS – A false solution is a mixture where the solute particles are not fully dissolved in the solvent, resulting in a system that appears homogeneous but is actually heterogeneous. False solutions include suspensionsand colloids, where particles are larger than in true solutions.

• Suspensions – A heterogeneous mixture where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid or gas but are large enough to settle out if left undisturbed. Examples: Harmattan haze, water-based paints.
• Colloids – A mixture where fine particles are dispersed evenly throughout another substance, but the particles are small enough to remain suspended and not settle out. Examples: Fog (liquid in gas), milk (liquid in liquid), aerosol sprays (liquid in gas), rubber solution, emulsion paints.