10.0 INTRODUCTION
Density (ρ) is defined as mass (m) per unit volume (V):
ρ = m/V.
DETERMINATION OF DENSITY FOR SOLIDS
- Use a balance to measure the mass.
- Measure the volume using geometric formulas (for regular shapes) or water displacement (for irregular shapes).
DETERMINATION OF DENSITY FOR LIQUIDS
- Use a graduated cylinder to measure the volume.
- Use a balance to measure the mass of the liquid.
10.1 RELATIVE DENSITY
Relative Density (RD) is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance (usually water for liquids and solids).
It is a dimensionless quantity:
RD = Density of substance / Density of water.
If RD > 1, the substance sinks;
If RD < 1, it floats.
Hydrometers are instrument used to measure relative density.
10.2 UPTHRUST – On A Body Immersed In A Liquid
Upthrust (or Buoyant Force) is the upward force exerted by a fluid on a body immersed in it. It acts against the weight of the body and is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
Mathematically;
Fb = ρ(fluid) × V(displaced) × g
Where: Fb = Buoyant force (N),
ρ(fluid) = Density of the fluid (kg/m³),
V(displaced) = Volume of fluid displaced (m³),
g = Acceleration due to gravity.
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE: It States that “a body immersed in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.” This principle explains why objects float or sink in fluids.
10.3 FLOATATION
LAW OF FLOATATION: It states that a floating body displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own weight. For an object to float, the weight of the object must be equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
CONDITIONS FOR FLOATATION
- Weight of the floating object = Weight of the fluid displaced
W object = ρ fluid ×V displaced × g i.e., W = ρVg
APPLICATION OF THE LAW OF FLOATATION
- Ships – Ships are designed to displace a large volume of water, allowing them to float despite their heavy weight.
- Separation of Minerals (Ore Beneficiation) – Flotation is widely used in mining to separate valuable minerals from waste rock. It helps extract metalores like copper, lead, and zinc.
- Water Treatment – In wastewater treatment, flotation helps remove oil, grease, and suspended solids from water using dissolved air flotation (DAF).
- Oil Spill Cleanup – Flotation aids in cleaning oil spills by separating oil from water using surfactants or air bubbles.
- Food Industry – Used to separate impurities or lightweight materials like stems or leaves from food products like peas or beans.
- Archaeology – Flotation is used to separate small artifacts or organic materials (e.g., seeds) from soil samples.
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– How to Read, Understand and Remember Always- https://youtu.be/kL8BpRePudA
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– Overcoming Exam Fear/Anxiety– https://youtu.be/Uvf81rvd0ls
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