A type of government by one individual. This individual may be king, queen or emperor. A constitutional Monarch is one that is subject to legal limitations while absolute monarch is not subject to any legal limitations.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MONARCHY

1. Ownership of government
2. Age-long form of Government
3. Hereditary
4. No constitutional limitation
5. Checks and Balances
6. Sable political system

FORMS OF MONARCHY

1. Constitutional Monarchy – The power is regulated by the constitution. The monarch can promulgate only those laws which are agreed to by the elected parliament
2. Absolute Monarchy – This occurs when there’s no established constitutional authority to check the king’s power

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1.1 ARISTOCRACY

Aristocracy refers to a form of government or social system where power and authority are held by a small, privileged class of individuals, typically nobles or those of high birth or wealth

TYPES OF ARISTOCRACY

1. Hereditary aristocracy: Power and titles are inherited.
2. Wealth-based aristocracy: Economic power determines social status.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ARISTOCRACY

1. Rule by the elite: Power is concentrated in the hands of a select few.
2. Hereditary positions: Titles, wealth, and influence are passed down through generations.
3. Social hierarchy: Aristocrats hold higher status than commoners.
4. Limited social mobility: Birth and family ties determine social standing.

1.3 OLIGARCHY

Oligarchy is a form of government where power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of individuals, often wealthy elites or influential families.

TYPES OF OLIGARCHY

1. Plutocracy: Wealth-based oligarchy, where economic power dominates.
2. Aristocracy: Hereditary oligarchy, where nobility holds power.
3. Technocracy: Expert-based oligarchy, where technical knowledge dominates.
4. Kleptocracy: Corrupt oligarchy, where power is used for personal gain.

CHARACTERISTICS OF OLIGARCHY

1. Rule by the few: Power is held by a small, privileged group.
2. Concentration of wealth: Oligarchs control significant economic resources.
3. Limited social mobility: Birth, wealth, or connections determine social status.
4. Restrictive decision-making: Oligarchs make decisions benefiting their interests

1.4 AUTOCRACY

Autocracy is a system of government where one person holds absolute power and control, often without checks or limitations.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOCRACY

1. Single ruler: One person makes all key decisions.
2. Absolute power: No constitutional or institutional limits.
3. Centralized authority: Decision-making concentrated in one person.
4. Limited or no representation: Citizens have little or no say.

MERITS OF AUTOCRACY

1. Swift decision-making: Single ruler makes rapid decisions.
2. Stability: Autocrats maintain control, ensuring continuity.
3. National unity: Centralized authority promotes cohesion.

DEMERITS OF AUTOCRACY

1. Human rights abuses: Autocrats often disregard individual rights.
2. Lack of accountability: No checks on ruler’s power.
3. Economic stagnation: Autocrats prioritize personal interests.
4. Succession crisis: Unclear transfer of power.

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1.5 REPUBLICANISM

Republicanism is a political ideology that advocates for a representative government, where power is held by the people or their elected representatives, rather than a monarch or aristocracy.

CHARACTERISTICS OF REPUBLICANISM

1. Representation: Citizens elect representatives to make decisions.
2. Constitutionalism: Government limited by a constitution.
3. Separation of Powers: Division of power among branches.
4. Protection of Individual Rights: Safeguarding citizens’ liberties.
5. Accountability: Regular elections and checks on power.

MERITS OF REPUBLICANISM

1. Protection of individual rights
2. Promotion of accountability
3. Encouragement of civic participation
4. Stability and continuity

DEMERITS OF REPUBLICANISM

1. Balancing individual rights and collective interests
2. Preventing corruption and abuse of power
3. Ensuring representation for minority groups
4. Maintaining economic and social equality

1.6 DEMOCRACY

Democracy is defined as a form of government in which the people exercise their governing power either directly or through representatives periodically elected by them. Government of the people by the people and for the people.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DEMOCRACY

• Free and Fair Elections
• Protection of Individual Rights
• Rule of Law
• Separation of Powers
• Accountability and Transparency
• Free association and periodic election
• Freedom of the Press
• Independent electoral commission
• Fundamental Human Right
• Supremacy of the Constitution

MERITS OF DEMOCRACY

1. Free Choice of Leaders
2. Equal Opportunity
3. Stability
4. Legitimacy
5. Operation of the rule of law
6. No Room for misuse of power
7. Tolerance
8. Equality of individual

DEMERITS OF DEMOCRACY

1. Slow decision making
2. Expensive to operate
3. Emergence of incompetent people in government
4. Rule of Ignorance
5. Political Education

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JAMB RESOURCE LINKS BELOW;

– JAMB Past Questions Solved Playlists on Math, Phy, Chem; https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLLgYU6fS5143-p4dfWIFL7keuB1SBgT2b

– THE LEKKI HEADMASTER – Summary, Questions And Answers (JAMB 2025 NOVEL); https://dtwtutorials.com/the-lekki-headmaster-jamb-2025-novel-summary-questions-and-answers-pdf-download/

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– JAMB 2025 Syllabus in 30 Days Timetable Challenge by DTW Tutorials for Science, Art & Commercial Subject Combinations – Cover Your JAMB Syllabus in 30 Days Challenge; https://dtwtutorials.com/jamb-2025-syllabus-in-30-days-timetable-challenge-by-dtw-tutorials-cover-your-jamb-syllabus-in-30-days-challenge/

– How to Manage Your Jamb Exam Time for High Scores; https://youtu.be/Tp4Va8haib8

– Physics Notes and Questions on All topics; https://dtwtutorials.com/category/tutorials/physics-tutorials/

– Chemistry Notes and Questions on All topics; https://dtwtutorials.com/category/tutorials/chemistry/

– How to Read, Understand and Remember Always- https://youtu.be/kL8BpRePudA

– How to Cover Your JAMB Syllabus Fast in 30 Days!!; https://youtu.be/RVgyn01Ptd0

– What to do a night before your Jamb Exam (+Exam Prayers); https://youtu.be/njbAx4Oz5Rw

– How to Manage Your Jamb Exam Time for High Scores; https://youtu.be/Tp4Va8haib8

– Overcoming Exam Fear/Anxiety– https://youtu.be/Uvf81rvd0ls

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