12.0 INTRODUCTION
Evolution is the process through which species of organisms change over time through variations in their genetic makeup. These changes can lead to the development of new species and the adaptation of existing species to their environments.
12.1 EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
- Fossil Records: Fossils are preserved remains or traces of organisms from the past. They provide a chronological record of life on Earth, showing how species have changed and evolved over millions of years. Transitional fossils, which exhibit traits common to both ancestral and derived groups, are particularly important in demonstrating evolutionary change.
- Comparative Anatomy: Evolution is obvious in anatomically comparison of vertebrates. The Pisces or fishes have a simple heart with one auricle and ventricle. The amphibians have two auricles and one ventricle. Reptiles have two auricles and a partially divided ventricle. Aves and Mammals have two auricles and two ventricles.
- Evidence Of Vestigial Organs: Vestigial organs are minute and incomplete organs that have no special function. Evolutionally, these organs are believed to be once functioning e.g appendix and rudimentary tail in man.
- Embryological Evidence: The embryo of man at different stages of development resembles the embryo of fish, amphibians and reptiles.
- Geographical Distribution: The geographic distribution of species provides insights into their evolutionary history. For instance, species that are closely related are often found in the same geographic regions, suggesting they evolved from a common ancestor that lived in that area.
- Evidence From Domesticated Animals: These include cats, dogs etc. which have lived with humans for many years.
12.2 THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
- Natural Selection: Proposed by Charles Darwin, this theory posits that individuals with traits that are advantageous for survival and reproduction are more likely to pass those traits on to the next generation. Over time, these advantageous traits become more common in the population, leading to evolutionary change.
- Genetic Drift: This theory explains how random changes in allele frequencies can lead to evolution, particularly in small populations. Genetic drift can result in the loss of genetic variation and can cause certain traits to become more or less common purely by chance.
- Use and Disuse: Proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, this early theory suggested that organisms could pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring. For example, Lamarck believed that giraffes developed long necks because their ancestors stretched to reach higher leaves, and this trait was then inherited. This theory has largely been discredited in favour of Darwinian evolution.
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