DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN NIGERIA

24.1 FIRST REPUBLIC POLITICAL PARTIES

NIGERIAN NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY (NNDP)

NNDP was formed in 1923 under the leadership of Sir Herbet Macaulay popularly referred to as “Father of Nigeria Nationalism”. This party won the legislative council in 1923, 1928 and 1933. NNDP also formed Lagos Daily News (Newspaper) which helped to encourage political activities especially in Lagos. The party was mainly based in Lagos and did not have a rational outlook. It was financed by the party members.

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NIGERIAN YOUTH MOVEMENT (NYM)

NYM was formed in 1935 and it competed with NNDP for the control of political activities in Lagos. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, H.O. Davies, Chief Obafemi Awolowo and Chief Samuel Akintola later joined the movement. The party had a national outlook based on the composition of the members.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF NYM

To work towards the unity of Nigeria
To work towards the attainment of self-rule

CONTRIBUTION OF NYM

It won all the elective seats allocated to Lagos in the legislative council
It worked to promote national unity
It was the first political party that had a national outlook in the composition of members
It set machinery for independence of Nigeria
It bought modern nationalism to Nigeria

NATIONAL COUNCIL OF NIGERIA AND CAMEROON (NCNC)

NCNC was formed in 1944. Herbert Macaulay was the first president while Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe was the first General Secretary when Herbert Macaulay died, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe became the president and when southern Cameroon left Nigeria in August 1944, NCNC changed its name to National Council for Nigerian Citizens.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF NCNC

political reforms
political education
to promote members with a medium of expression
to extend democratic principles to people of Nigeria
to organize and collaborate effectively.

CONTRIBUTION OF NCNC

struggle for self-government
political rights
publications
participated in constitutional conferences
sending delegation to London

ACTION GROUP (AG)

Action Group (AG) was formed in 1951 as the political wing of the Egbe Omo Oduduwa (a Yoruba cultural organization). Chief Obafemi Awolowo was its leader. The party dominated the western region for eleven (11) years 1957-62). AG was declared a regional party.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF AG

to bring a federal form of government
to bring all nationalist in western region under one umbrella
to awaken the political consciousness in the lives of the people
to work toward the growth and development of the west.

CONTRIBUTION OF AG

it dominated western region for eleven years
AG joined NCNC & NPC in the struggle for independence
it introduced universal free primary education in western Nigeria in 1955.
political education
it established the first Television station in Africa-Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) in Ibadan
it built Liberty stadium in Ibadan

NORTHERN PEOPLE’S CONGRESS (NPC)

Northern People’s Congress (NPC) was formed in 1951. It started as a cultural organization (Jamiyyar Mutanem Arewa). The party was dominated by the Hausa/Fulanis and Islam was its main focus. It ruled northern Nigeria for 14 years (1957-65). The leader was Sir Ahmadu Bello with Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa as deputy.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF NPC

development of the north
to make north autonomous
to create common understanding among the people of the North
to educate the northerners on their political rights.

CONTRIBUTION OF NPC

NPC dominated northern Nigeria for 14 years
Common understanding among northern people
Political education
NPC produced the first prime minister (Tafawa Balewa)

24.2 SECOND REPUBLIC POLITICAL PARTIES (1979-80)

NATIONAL PARTY OF NIGERIA (NPN)

NPN could be partly seen as an offshoot of NPC. The majority of the leaders were from the former NPC.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF NPN

to develop a housing scheme for all, at both urban and rural settings
to develop a strong industrial base with equal opportunities for all Nigerians
to show respect to the provisions of the constitution.

CONTRIBUTION OF NPN

NPN was more of a national party
it won the 1979 and 1983 second republic general election.
it produced the first executive president for the country.
it also won governorship elections in 7 states.
it introduced housing and agricultural scheme

UNITY PARTY OF NIGERIA (UPN)

Chief Obafemi Awolowo was the founders and leader of UPN and he was the presidential candidate for the party. The party won governorship elections in 5 states.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF UPN

to introduce free education at all levels
to pursue free medical services for all
to provide employment for the people 4) to pursue rural integration programme

CONTRIBUTION OF UPN

free education, medical services
political education
it helped to recruit leaders
UPN was a strong opposition party to the ruling party, NPN in 1979 & 1983

NIGERIA PEOPLE’S PARTY (NPP)

Alhaji Ibrahim Waziri was the leader of NPP. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe who later joined the party, was nominated as the presidential candidates. However, Alhaji Ibrahim Waziri, later left the party because of the quarrel over the presidential candidate and the post of the chairman.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF NPP

to promote the unity, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Nigeria
1. for a better standard of living by providing food and shelters
1. to preserve the constitution of Nigeria
1. to promote high quality education at all level
1. to fight against poverty & diseases

CONTRIBUTION OF NPP

NPP worked with the ruling party (NPN) to ensure a sustainable second republic administration
NPP won governorship election in Imo, Anambra & Plateau
political education
it helped to recruit leaders to political offices
it served as a link between the government and the people

GREAT NIGERIA PEOPLE’S PARTY (GNPP)

GNPP was formed by Alhaji Ibrahim Waziri who left NPP to form GNPP because of quarrels over the presidential and chairmanship positions. He was both the leader and presidential candidate. GNPP was a minor party and succeeded in winning governorship election in only two states.

PEOPLE’S REDEMPTION PARTY (PRP)

PRP was formed by Mallam Aminu Kano who was both the party’s national chairman and the presidential candidate. PRP was a minor party and succeeded in winning governorship elections in only two states.

NIGERIA ADVANCED PARTY (NAP)

NAP was formed by Mr. Tunji Braithwaite, a Lagos-based Lawyer. The party was registered after the 1979 election and only contested in 1983 elections. It was a minor party and did not win any election.

24.3 THIRD REPUBLIC POLITICAL PARTIES

SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY (SDP)

Chief Tony Anenih was the national chairman of SDP. SDP had its registered offices at Abuja, state capitals, local government headquarters etc

NATIONAL REPUBLICAN CONVENTION (NRC)

Chief Tom Ikimi was the national chairman of NRC. NRC had its registered offices at Abuja, state capitals, local government headquarters, wards etc. These two parties were imposed on Nigeria as powers left the military and returned to civilians.

24.4 FOURTH REPUBLIC POLITICAL PARTIES

After the military regime headed by General Abdulsalam Abubakar, INEC registered 3 political parties. They were a) Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) b) All People’s Party (APP) – which later became All Nigeria Peoples Party. c) Alliance for Democracy (AD)

The first chairman of PDP was Chief Solomon Lar while that of AD was Mamman Yusuf, while that of ANPP was Alhaji Yusuf Ali.

These parties contested the 1999 general elections at all levels of government. After the elections, in which Chief Obasanjo Olusegun won PDP. PDP controlled – 21 states ANPP controlled – 9 states AD controlled – 6 states

24.5 MAJOR POLITICAL CRISIS IN NIGERIA

24.5i KANO RIOT 1953

Causes – In March 1953, a member of Action Group (AG) in the Hausa of Representatives, Chief Anthony Enahoro, moved a motion, requesting that Nigeria should be granted self-governance in 1956. But the leader of Northern People’s Congress (NPC), Sir Ahmadu Bello moved a counter motion that self-government should be granted “as soon as practicable”. This led to disagreement and also resulted to a strained relationship between the Northern and Southern leaders.

POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF KANO RIOT

1. The riot worsened the relationship between the northern and southern leaders.

2. The riot shows that only federal system of government could hold Nigeria together.

3. The riot also bought about a temporary working alliances between NCNC and Action Group

24.5ii CENSUS CRISIS OF 1962/63

A population census was conducted in Nigeria in 1962, but the result was criticised. Some people claimed that it was rigged and should be cancelled. The government cancelled it and another one proposed in 1963. A census board was set to handle the 1963 census. The result of the census was also criticised, but the federal government accepted it, northern and western regions also accepted it. However, eastern and mid-western regions rejected it.

24.5iii ACTION GROUP CRISIS OF 1962

The Action Group crisis broke out in 1962 as a result of the serious conflicts within the party

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE CRISIS

There was personally clash between Chief Obafemi Awolowo, the party leader and Chief S. L. Akintola, his deputy
1. Later, two factions sprang up from the party. One faction led by Chief Awolowo and the other by Chief S. L. Akintola.
1. Awolowo’s faction sought to form a progressive alliance with NCNC to get the conservative NPC out of power, while Akintola’s faction sought to cooperate with the NPC.
1. Awolowo who was the leader of the opposition in the House of Representatives wanted to be consulted before any important policy decisions will be taken in the western regional government headed by Chief S. L. Akintola. The idea did not go down well with Akintola’s government.
1. Attempt to reconcile both factions did not work. So, at the Jos conference of the party, it was decided that Akintola should be expelled from the party etc.
1. With the support of the majority of the party members, a vote of no confidence was passed on Akintola and Sir Adesoji Aderemi was appointed in his place. Adesoji was advised to remove Akintola as premier and Alhaji Adegbenwo was appointed in his place.
1. There was tension that the police were called in to stop the attempt by Akintola’s supporters to disrupt the proceedings of the House
1. The federal government declared a state of emergency in the western region.
1. The state of emergency lasted for 6 months after which Akintola was reinstated as the premier; while Chief Obafemi Awolowo was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment for plotting to overthrw the federal government.
1. Chief Akintola formed a new party known as United Progressive Party (UPP) & with some members of NCNC, a new government was formed in January 1963. Later, UPP and some members of the NCNC formed the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP).
1. AG did not support the creation of mid-west from western region but Akintola’s government supported it.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE AG CRISIS OF 1962 IN NIGERIA

dismissal of Akintola led to outbreak of violence
the crisis led to declaration of state of emergency
Akintola formed a new political party – United Progressive Party (UPP)
the crisis weakened the power of official opposition

24.5iv THE NIGERIA CIVIL WAR

The war started on July 6, 1967 and came to an end on January 15, 1970. Major General Philip Effiong, the Chief of Defence Staff of the Republic of Biafra; formally remained the existence of a state called Biafra at Dodan Barracks, Lagos on January 15, 1970.

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR

The army was politicized and ethnic sentiment took over.
It was argued that the killing of the civilian political leaders was one-side. That none of those killed was an Igbo person.
General Aguiyi Ironsi came to power and introduced Unitary form of government in place of federal. Some saw it as a way of concentrating powers in the hands of the Igbo only.
The counter-coup of July 29, 1966 by the Northern army offices was a pointer.
Mass killing of the Igbos in the North
Lt. Colonal Yakubu Gowon took over as the Head of State instead of Brigadier Ogundipe the then most senior military officer. Ojukwu saw this as unjustifiable, noting the fact that Gowon was not his senior in the army and so refused to take instructions from him.
Ojukwu and Gowon saw war as the only justified means of resolving the conflict
The declaration of the Eastern region as the Republic of Biafra on May 30, 1967 after the federal government had created 12 states out of the former 4 regions.

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