21.0 ELECTROLYSIS
It is defined as the chemical process that uses electrical energy to drive a nonspontaneous reaction. It involves the decomposition of a substance into its components using an electric current.
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROLYSIS
- Electroplating: This process involves depositing a layer of metal onto a surface to enhance its appearance and prevent corrosion. Commonly used metals for electroplating include gold, silver, and chromium.
- Electrorefining: Electrolysis is used to purify metals. For example, copper can be purified from its ores by dissolving impure copper in an electrolyte and depositing pure copper at the cathode.
- Production of Gases: Electrolysis of water produces hydrogen and oxygen gases. This is significant for hydrogen fuel production.
- Electrolysis of brine (saltwater) produces chlorine gas, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide.
- Manufacture of Chemicals: Electrolysis is used in the production of various chemicals, such as sodium hydroxide and chlorine, which are important in the chemical industry.
- FARADAY’S LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS
- First Law: The mass (m) of a substance altered at an electrode during electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity (Q) passed through the electrolyte.
It is given by the formula:
m = k * Q
Where k is a constant that depends on the substance being electrolyzed.
- Second Law: The mass of different substances altered by the same quantity of electricity is proportional to their equivalent weights.
It is given by the formula:
m1 / m2 = E1 / E2
Where m1 and m2are the masses of the substances, and
E1 and E2 are their equivalent weights.
QUANTITY OF ELECTRICITY (Q) – It is given by the formula:
Q = I * t
Where I is the current (in amperes) and
t is the time (in seconds) for which the current flows.
- CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY THROUGH GASES
When a high voltage is applied across two electrodes in a gas, it can ionize the gas, allowing current to flow. This process is known as gas discharge. The gas may glow due to the excitation of gas molecules, producing light (e.g., neon lights).
APPLICATION OF CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY THROUGH GASES
- Gas Discharge Tubes: Used in neon signs and fluorescent lamps, where electricity passes through gases to produce light.
- Plasma Technology: Involves the conduction of electricity through ionized gases (plasma) for applications in electronics and materials processing.
21.3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ELECTROLYTES AND NON-ELECTROLYTES
- Electrolytes: Substances that dissociate into ions in solution and conduct electricity (e.g., sodium chloride in water).
- Non-Electrolytes: Substances that do not dissociate into ions and do not conduct electricity (e.g., sugar in water).
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