BASIC CONCEPT OF GOVERNMENTS

1. POWER

Power refers to the ability or capacity to influence, control, or shape the behavior, decisions, or outcomes of individuals, groups, or systems.

FORMS OF POWER

1. Political power: Power derived from the constitution or the people.
2. Economic power: An individual in possession of economic resources could use such to influence issues in a state.
3. Military power: Power used by the forces, e.g. the army, air force, navy, police etc.
4. Physical Power: Application of force to compel obedience.

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SOURCES OF POWER

1. The Constitution
2. Through coercion
3. Through Charisma
4. Through economic resources
5. Through position of Authority
6. Through inheritance

1. AUTHORITY

Authority refers to the formal or legal right to make and enforce laws or policies which citizens obey

KINDS OF AUTHORITY

1. Institutional Authority: This is a group of individuals who legitimately occupies public offices with capacity to determine public goals and policies and direct the execution or otherwise of such goals and policies
2. Functional Authority: This is the power which occurs to a group of people or an individual as a result of the position he holds in an organization.

SOURCES OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY

1. Traditional Authority
2. Legal Authority
3. Charismatic Authority
4. Consent of the People

TYPES OF AUTHORITY

1. Traditional Authority: This is found in the traditional societies where authority is based on customs and tradition
2. Charismatic Authority: This is an authority derived from the belief in the exceptional ability of leader which inspires allegiance among the followers
3. Legal/Rational Authority: This is derived from the constitution of a modern democratic state, exercised through the three organs of Government
4. Delegated Authority: This authority is mostly given to someone to exercise functions and responsibilities on specific areas
5. Technical Authority: This is based on the level of expertise the individual has acquired on the job
6. Political Authority: It is the authority conferred on persons holding political offices executed based on the provisions of the constitution.
7. Positional Authority: The position an individual hold determines this
8. Coercive Authority: It is the authority based on the use of force.

DE JURE AUTHORITY: This connotes the existence of rulers by reference to which an official acquires the authority to act in some ways. Defined as the right to issue instructions and to have them obeyed

DE FACTO AUTHORITY: This is a situation where one person acknowledges another as being entitled to command him. it presupposes that one is in such a position as to be able to get others do or believe what one tells them.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN POWER AND AUTHORITY

1. Power is the capacity to affect another’s behavior by the use of threat of some form of sanction while Authority is the formal or legal right to make and enforce laws or policies.
2. Authority is based on acceptance and mostly legitimate and Power could be legitimate or illegitimate
3. It has been observed that authority can be delegated with legitimized responsibility but power cannot be delegated
4. Since authority is legitimized, punishment that goes with it is not as serious as that of power.

1. LEGITIMACY

Legitimacy is a political concept which refers to the acceptance and recognition by the citizens of a country, the rights of their rulers to govern.

FEATURES OF LEGITIMACY

1. Legality
2. Acceptability
3. Recognition
4. Popularity
5. Accountability and transparency or good governance
6. Periodic free and fair elections
7. Constitutionalism
8. Existence of the rule of law
9. Existence of free press
10. Popular Participation

FACTORS THAT DETERMINE LEGITIMACY

1. Good and reliable leadership
2. Good government
3. Customs and Traditions
4. Foreign policy objectives
5. Ideology
6. Human rights

1. SOVEREIGNTY

Sovereignty means the supreme power and authority of the state over the citizens.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOVEREIGNTY

1. Indivisibility: this means it is supreme and final, it cannot be divided or delegated.
2. Absoluteness – The powers of the sovereign state cannot be restricted; no limitation.
3. Permanence – As long as the state exist, sovereignty continues without interruption
4. Independence of Foreign control
5. Fundamental Power

TYPES OF SOVEREIGNTY

1. Legal Sovereignty – The body that makes laws and enforces same in the state is the legal sovereign
2. Political or Popular Sovereignty – Refers to the body which is supreme in a state, the will which is ultimately obeyed by the citizens of the state.
3. De Facto Sovereignty – it refers to the body or group of people who use force to make citizens obey this will after overthronement
4. De jure sovereignty – This type of sovereign rule is based on law and its application as opposed to physical exercise or use of force
5. Internal Sovereignty – The supreme power that the state has to make and enforce laws within its area of authority
6. External Sovereignty – The power of the state to exist and conduct its domestic affairs without external interference

1. STATE

A state may be defined as a politically organized body of people inhabiting a defined geographical entity with an organized legitimate government

FEATURES OF A STATE

1. The state remains a permanent feature.
2. A state has a defined territory with a limit to its size with well-defined boundaries, separating it from others.
3. Government
4. Sovereignty
5. Population
6. Recognition

1. NATION

A nation could be seen as a body of people who feel themselves to be naturally linked together, share common ties, believe that they can live happily together, and are not satisfied when they are disunited and cannot tolerate subjection to people who do not share these ties

1. SOCIETY

A society is referred to as the association of human beings. this suggests the whole complex of relations of man to his fellows. It is a group of people who share similar values, laws, traditions and living in organized communities for mutual benefits

1. POLITICAL CULTURE

This refers to the way members of a political community behave in their political activities. The usual attitude, beliefs and perception of people towards politics

COMPONENTS OF POLITICAL CULTURE

1. Cognitive Orientation
2. Evaluative Orientation
3. Affective Orientation

DETERMINANTS OF POLITICAL CULTURE

1. Historical development
2. The impact of European colonial domination
3. Ethnic Differences
4. Instability
5. Socio-economic Structure
6. Industrialized society

1. POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION

This is the process of acquiring political beliefs, values, attitudes as well as citizenship training that shapes a citizen’s political behavior. A political learning from childhood to adulthood.

AGENTS OF POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION

1. Family Unit
2. The peer groups
3. Institutions of Learning, e.g. schools, colleges etc.
4. Social or Religious Institutions
5. The mass media
6. Political parties
7. Pressure groups

1. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

Political participation refers to the various ways citizens engage with their government and influence public policy. This can include voting, contacting public officials, protesting, working on campaigns, and donating money to candidates

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