5.0 DEFINITION AND COMPOSITION OF AIR
Air is a mixture of gases, composed mainly of Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%) with small amount of Carbon (IV) oxide, noble gases and water vapour (1%).
- EVIDENCE THAT AIR IS A MIXTURE
- Variable composition: Air’s gases vary in proportion.
- The components of air retain their individual properties.
- Presence of oxygen, supporting combustion.
- Air cannot be represented by a chemical formula.
- No fixed boiling point: Air doesn’t boil at a single temperature.
- Components of air can be separated through liquefaction of air and fractional distillation.
- Air contains impurities: Dust and pollutants mix with gases.
- SEPARATION OF AIR COMPONENTS
Air is separated into its components using fractional distillation. Impurities in the air are removed through pre-cooling and adsorption methods. The purified air is compressed until it becomes liquid (liquefied). The liquefied air is heated and passed through a fractionating column. Gradually, gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and argon are collected at different temperatures (boiling points). Nitrogen, with the lowest boiling point, is collected first, followed by argon and oxygen.
PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THE SEPARATION OF AIR
- Liquefaction of air.
- Fractional distillation.
- Difference in boiling point.
- AIR COMPONENTS AND THEIR USES
Nitrogen (N₂) – 78% of air
- Industrial cooling and refrigeration.
- Inert gas for protecting materials from oxidation.
- Used in the production of ammonia for fertilizers (Haber process).
- Filling tires to reduce wear.
Oxygen (O2) – 21% of air
- Medical oxygen therapy for patients.
- Essential for combustion processes in industries.
- Steel manufacturing (oxygen furnaces).
- Supporting life and respiration in living organisms.
Argon (Ar) – 0.93% of air
- Inert shielding gas for welding and metal fabrication.
- Filling incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs.
- Preservation of historical documents and artifacts.
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) – 0.04% of air
- Carbonation of beverages like soda.
- Fire extinguishers (CO₂ suppresses flames).
- Used in plant growth in greenhouses.
- Industrial processes like oil recovery.
Neon (Ne) – Trace amounts
- Neon signs for advertising.
- High-voltage indicators and vacuum tubes.
Helium (He) – Trace amounts
- Filling balloons and airships.
- Inert gas for welding and leak detection.
Krypton (Kr) – Trace amounts
- Lighting (high-performance light bulbs).
- Inert gas in certain photographic flashes.
- Laser technology.
Xenon (Xe) – Trace amounts
- Xenon arc lamps for intense lighting.
- Anesthetic properties in medical applications.
- Ion propulsion systems for spacecraft.
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