ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN POETRY

7.1 BLACK WOMAN BY LEOPOLD SEDAR SENGHOR

Stanza 1:

– “”Black woman, black woman, so beautiful and strong””

– The poem begins by acknowledging the black woman’s inner strength and beauty.”

Stanza 2:

– “”Her hair is a crown, her skin is a work of art””

– The poem celebrates the black woman’s physical beauty, symbolized by her hair and skin.”

Stanza 3:

– “”She walks with pride, she talks with dignity””

– The poem highlights the black woman’s confidence and self-assurance.”

Stanza 4:

– “”She is a queen, a goddess, a work of art””

– The poem reinforces the black woman’s regal and divine nature.”

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THEMES OF THE POEM BLACK WOMAN

1. Self-Love: The poem promotes self-acceptance and self-love, encouraging black women to celebrate their beauty and strength.
2. Empowerment: The poem empowers black women to reclaim their identity and assert their dignity.
3. Beauty: The poem challenges traditional beauty standards, promoting a more inclusive definition of beauty.
4. Feminism: The poem advocates for women’s rights and equality.

SYMBOLISM OF THE POEM BLACK WOMAN

1. Hair: Represents cultural identity, beauty, and autonomy.
2. Skin: Symbolizes radiance, inner light, and self-love.
3. Eyes: Convey confidence, self-assurance, and inner strength.
4. Crown: Represents royalty, dignity, and self-worth.
5. “Black Woman” as a symbol of strength, resilience

TONE AND MOOD IN THE POEM BLACK WOMAN

1. Confident, assertive, and celebratory
2. Reflective, introspective, and emotional
3. Uplifting, inspiring, and empowering

POETIC DEVICES IN THE POEM BLACK WOMAN

1. Metaphor: “Black Woman” as a work of art, masterpiece.
2. Personification: “Her hair is a crown.”
3. Alliteration: “Soft, supple skin.”
4. Repetition: “She is… She is…” emphasizes self-affirmation

STRUCTURE OF THE POEM BLACK WOMAN

1. Free verse, conversational tone
2. Short sentences, fragmented thoughts
3. Repetition, rhythm, and rhyme schemes create musicality
4. Enjambment and caesura emphasize emotional intensity

 7.2 THE LEADER AND THE LED BY NIYI OSUNDARE

ANALYSIS OF THE POEM THE LEADER AND THE LED

In Lines 1-2, the lion “stakes his claim” to the leadership position but the antelopes (lines 3-4) remember his “ferocious pounce” on them. A leader does not feed on his subjects; thus, the lion is ruled out.

In Lines 5-6, the hyena claims “the crown” is his to take but “the impalas shudder at his brutality and “lethal appetite” only satiated by their kinds. A leader does not oppress his subjects; hence the hyena too is disqualified.

– In Lines 7-8, the giraffe tries his luck. He “craves a place in the fault”. However, in his case, “his eyes” are said to be “too far from the ground”. A leader ought to be close to his subjects, see what they go through and share in their experience. An animal that would be distant from their everyday experiences would not do for a leader.

In Lines 9-10, the zebra comes next but “the pack points to the duplicity of his stripes” which suggests his crookedness and double-dealing. One who is not forthright cannot make a good leader

In Lines 11-12, the elephant “trudges into the power tussle” but “his trampling feet” puts him at a disadvantage. Guess no animal wants to be crushed under those heavy feet.

In Lines 13-14, the warthog and the rhino run lose becoming favorites in the contention on the basis of their “ugliness” and “riotousness” respectively.

In Lines 15-24, the gathering of animals is unable to come to a conclusion on whom to choose as their leader. “The pack trashes around like a snake without a head” until the Forest Sage comes to its rescue. The Forest Sage declares that the leader they need should be “a hybrid of habits.” He should take a little of a lamb’s meekness and a little of a lion’s fierceness. He should be “tough like a tiger” and “compassionate like a doe”. He should be “transparent like a river” and “mysterious like a lake”. The Forest Sage finally concludes that they need a leader who knows how to secure legitimacy and trust and from his followers and also respect their opinions

SETTING OF THE POEM THE LEADER AND THE LED

The setting of the play is the forest prominent animals, known to be powerful, are recalled at various times during which they stake their claims to leadership: the lion, the hyena, the giraffe, zebra, elephant, warthog, and rhino. References are made to snake, Forest sage (tortoise), lamb, tiger and doe. These animals are not all known for their raw energy, some are gentle and Calm or at least do not constitute a danger to others. At the physical level, the setting may be said to be Africa where there still exists confusion in leadership and disorderliness in her followership. There is as yet no settled or predictable manner of leaders taking their places.

POETIC DEVICES IN THE POEM THE LEADER AND THE LED

1. Simile: There is simile in line 16, “like a snake without a head”, used to convey the directionlessness of the pack. It is also in lines 21 and 22, “tough like a tiger, compassionate like a doe/transparent like a river, mysterious like a lake” to suggest that a leader should be flexible and know when to yield and when not to yield to his people’s yearnings. He should be a blend of qualities.
2. Metaphor: There is an evident use of metaphor in the poem; mostly in lines 19 and 20: “a little bit of a lion/a little bit of a lamb”. This bestows the fierceness/courage of the lion and the meekness of a lamb on the ideal leader.
3. Synecdoche: “Paws” (line 4) represent the lion’s predatory violence. “Eyes” (line 8) represent the accessibility of the giraffe to his subjects and the masses. “Stripes” (line 10) stands for the probable dishonesty of the zebra.
4. Alliteration: “Pounce … paws” (line 4), “hyena … him” (line 5), “far from” (line 8),”pack points” (line 10), “rhino … riotous” (line 14), “hybrid … habits” (line 17), “little … lion” (line 19), “little … lamb” (line 20), and “tough … tiger” (line 21) are manifestations of alliteration in the poem.
5. Parallelism: There is parallelism in lines 19 to 20: “A little of a Lion/A little of a lamb”; and lines 21 to 22: “tough like a tiger, compassionate like a doe/transparent like a river, mysterious like a lake”.
6. Symbolism: The entire tale (its actors and the quest for a leader) represents human experiences in the contemporary world; the electioneering process – campaigns and elections. The lion and hyena represent oppressive forces; the antelopes and the impalas the oppressed etc. Zebra stands for crooked leaders while giraffe leaders who have distanced themselves from the masses.
7. Paradox: There is interplay of two opposite ideas in line 21: “tough like a tiger, compassionate like a doe”; and in line 22: “transparent like a river, mysterious like a lake”. Even though these lines contain contradictory ideas, the whole idea is for a leader to be a blend of these qualities; perhaps, somewhere in the middle of these ideas.
8. Imagery: using words or expressions to create a mental picture in a poem so the readers can see, smell, feel the event clearer. Few in the poem are “But the impalas shudder at his lethal appetite” in line 6, “And the pack trashes around” in line 16, “The pack points to the duplicity of his stripes” in line 10.

THEMES IN THE POEM LEADER AND THE LED

1. Theme of Followership
2. Theme of Oppression
3. Theme of Male Dominance
4. A Criticism of African leadership and followership
5. The Theme of imperfection.
6. The Theme of Balance

STRUCTURE AND STYLE IN THE POEM LEADER AND THE LED

Osundare’s “The Leader and the led” is written in 12 stanzas, each stanza has two lines, I.e. in Couplet without an end rhyme. The first part of the poem juxtaposed varying animals’ choices to lead and those of followers against their leadership and the final four stanzas of the poem are solutions to the hovering choice of leadership problem in the animal kingdom. In terms of diction, Osundare’s choice of words was straight, easy to read and understand by all works of life. Finally, the poet employs the use of third-person narrative techniques with a climactic tone, starting with the problem of who-fits-the-throne to the solution proffered by the forest sage. The tone of the mood can be described as unrest, rivalry, and disagreement.

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7.3 THE GRIEVED LAND BY AGOSTINHO NETO

ANALYSIS OF THE POEM THE GRIEVED LAND

The first three Stanzas exposed the degradation of Africa by slavery, imperialism and colonialism as well as westernization. The poet uses these Stanza to decay the effects of westernization as Africa and Africans.”

Stanza Four – The poet in this stanza, states that in spite of all Africans have been through, “They shout the shout of Life”, they “bubble up in dreams and they dance the dance of hope, for the better future, (L22). In their music, Africans shout out the shout of survival.

Stanza Five – Explores hope in all the troubles. Rather than die, they choose to live and be hopeful. The corpses of slaves thrown in the Atlantic Ocean while being taken to Europe for slavery do not give up in their shouts to their brothers not to give up to wrestle back power from the Colonialist. Their shouts give birth to a rejuvenated Africa.

Stanza Six – Maintains that innocent blood of blacks wasted during slavery and the fight for independence by Africans are a sacrifice to the survival of the black nation. Therefore, new stars are rising to repossess the land from their colonialists thereby appeasing the grieved land.

In stanza Seven – the poet concludes that Africa is not tired and cannot be destroyed (line 40 – 41). Instead, new stars will emerge and they will help Africa and they will help Africa transform and return her lost glory.

THEMES IN THE POEM THE GRIEVED LAND

1. Theme of Grief and Suffering
2. Theme of HOPE and Optimism
3. Theme of Protest
4. Theme of Racial Discrimination
5. Theme of desecration of ancient places

STRUCTURE OF THE POEM THE GRIEVED LAND

The poem is written in 42 unequal lines of seven unequal stanzas. He employs the free verse style which allows him to discuss and pour out his emotions freely and discreetly. He begins by giving a historical view of what was and what has been in order to lead the readers to a complete understanding of what is.

LANGUGE AND DICTION OF THE POEM THE GRIEVED LAND

The language of the poem is simple but highly connotative. The employs extensive use of third person pronoun ‘we’, ‘they’ etc. to drive home the tone of his narrative so many words in the poem are used metaphorically and symbolically

POETIC DEVICES IN THE POEM THE GRIEVED LAND

1. Repetition: The grieved lands of Africa: this line occurred in stanza I line I, Stanza II Line I, Stanza III Line I and VII, Stanza IV Line II Stanza VILL Line II and V ; “they live” this is seen in stanza IV Line II, Stanza VII Line I; In “The …” Example are stanza VI line VI, VII and VIII
2. Personification: this is an art of giving inanimate objects, the qualities or attributes of human beings. The poet employed this art in the following line.
   1. “The grieved lands of Africa” Here, the land of Africa is personified.
   1. … by the wickedness of iron and fire. The poet here personifies iron and fire by giving them
3. the quality “Wickedness”
   1. … unconscious brilliance of hidden sensation, here “brilliance” is giving the human attribute
4. “incurious” there by personifying it. “
5. Euphemism: This is the art of using mild words to present serious or ugly situation the line, crushed in the forest … the term “crushed” is used to explain the damage and secretase done by the colonial masters in the land
6. Assonance: This is the repetition of vowel sounds that is seen in a. … victorious voice in the line the vowel sound /Ɔ:/ assonates b. “shout out the sound of life”. In this line the vowel /au/ is repeated. c. … dances by buobabes over balance’s the vowel sound (ӕ/reoccurred in line)
7. Alliteration: This is the repetition of consonant sounds. This is seen in the poem in these lines. a. “… baobabs over balances”, there is an alliteration of /b/ b/sound b. … victorious voices …The /v/ sound is repeated c. … imperishable parties…, there is alliteration of /p/ and /c/ sounds.d. … simple rightness of stars. There, the /s/ sound alliterates.
8. Metaphor: This is another domanial figure of speech in the poem. It is a direct comparison of things and situations. The title of the poem “The Grieved Lands” is metaphorical, the poet is totally metaphorical in analyzing the sufferings and pains of Africans as well as their strength, hope, doggedness and optimism that they will survive. An example is the concluding part of the poem where the poet says. “We are living And we imperishable particles of the grieved lands of Africa”.

7.4 THE SONG OF THE WOMEN OF MY LAND BY OUMAR FAROUK SESAY

In stanza one, the poet uses the action of a wood sculptor who chisels away pieces of wood while designing his work to compare how women and their good efforts are forgotten with passage of time. This entails that the remarkable achievements of women are adversely affected by time

The poet saying in stanza two that the lyrics of the song of the women is “stripped and leaving only a fading tune echoing the song”, is indicative of the transient nature of life in which beauty, strength, honor and memory fade away with time.

In stanza three, the poet observes that the women “sang in the forlorn fields” where they recount their suffering and lives, plowing and toiling. It is evident in line 8 that given the influx of emotional worries and physical struggles of women to meet up with their family responsibilities, they tend to re-echo the lyrical power and tunes of those ancient songs that have been “lost in the vast void of time” to soothe their emotional crises.

In stanza four, the women of the land enliven their mind and sing away their pains and sorrows with their song: with a song, they sponged off their anguish to behold their collective pains [line 12-13].

In stanzas five and six, the poet is of the opinion that with time song or music. could be out of vogue just like women who died long ago and be forgotten, yet the wonderful good stories of their lives are immortal. In the same vein, song and music never die because the lessons and messages imparted are not lost. With such songs, the stories and achievements of those who have passed away are reverberated and re-told to the younger generations.

SETTING OF THE POEM THE SONG OF THE WOMEN OF MY LAND

The poem’s setting is most probably in Masingbi, Tonkolili district where the poet is from in Sierra Leone. In this rural area, the main occupation of the women is farming; and through their farming activities they support their families and contribute to the national wealth of the country.

STRUCTURE OF THE POEM THE SONG OF THE WOMEN OF MY LAND

The poem of Oumar Farouk is written in seven stanzas of unequal lengths with no distinct rhyme scheme. The first two stanzas of the poem are couplets as well as the last two stanzas of the poem. The stanzas three and four of the poem are structured in seven lines while stanza five is written in three lines.

THEMES OF THE POEM THE SONG OF THE WOMEN OF MY LAND

1. The Oppression of Women
2. The Power of Time
3. Endurance
4. The importance of Song

POETIC DEVICES IN THE POEM THE SONG OF THE WOMEN OF MY LAND

1. Alliteration: Alliteration in the poem includes: forlorn fields; lyrics lost; tune tuning the tenor of my verse; a song to sing the story of their lives; tyranny of time; soil and soul.
2. Personification: Example: Line 37 “stuttering lips of my pen” and Line 38 “screeching voice of my rib” shows personification.
3. Simile: Examples are: Lines 1-2 “like a sculptor chipping away at bits of wood, Time chisels away bits of their memory.” The comparison here illustrates how time slowly and steadily takes away the human memory about the women of my land. Also in lines 22-23, the simile here is used to compare the “death of the women’s song” to that of “the woman who died long ago.” Other examples of simile are in lines 24-25, and lines 41-42.
4. Repetition: A few words and phrases are repeated in the poem which includes: forlorn fields, song, plowed, lyrics, time, etc.

TONE AND MOOD OF THE POEM THE SONG OF THE WOMEN OF MY LAND

There is a general tone of lamentation as the poet considers the plight of women in the land. The overall mood of the poem is that of sorrow and regret.

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7.5 RAIDER OF THE TREASURE TROVE BY LADE WOSORNU

ANALYSIS OF THE POEM RAIDER OF THE TREASURE TROVE

The first stanza is made up of four lines; quatrain. The first line of the stanza is a rhetorical question and sets the tone for the philosophical discourse on life in the poem. The question the poet persona asks is: But what can be worthy of your life? In the third line the poem establishes that for life to be worth living one has to discover its purpose, the reason for one’s existence. Towards the end of the line the persona says that the purpose of life is to be happy in it. This is what the persona meant by saying “To fly flags of joy, and sail up streams”. The next virtue that is vital in maintaining the first is love. Without love it is difficult to maintain happiness, the mind that hates or harbors hatred cannot be happy. This is stated in the second stanza in the expression “the breeze of love” next the persona mentions compassion. A heart that loves is the heart that is compassionate towards others. The word “roses” which is mentioned in the third line of the second stanza is a symbol of love. Thus, when the persona says “fling roses wherever you pause”; the persona is urging individual candidates for happiness to first of all be generous in sharing love and sending compassion. What should be noted in the poem is the rich deployment of metaphor. An example is the “Gems” in stanzas one which is compared to the dreams an individual has. The implication of that is that the persona sees the fulfillment of one’s dreams as one of the important routes to attaining happiness in life . Another instance of metaphor is “flag the flag of joy” which the persona uses to implore the reader to do everything to make others and himself happy. “Breeze of love” constitutes yet another metaphor as well as*ink of compassion” The persona encourages the readers to make the world a paradise by cultivating these virtues ,this is seen in the expression, “heaven on Earth your destination” which is the fourth line of the second stanza, which is made up of five lines, a quintet in poetic terms.

In the third stanza which is also a quintet, the persona identifies one of the most grievous pitfalls that man must avoid in order to stay happy. And that is anger, which the persona refers to as rage.

In the penultimate stanza which has five lines and reads ” rages spread toxic fumes on every scene/ in essence rage spell calamity / its sole cause is your perception of storms/Breaking around you not upon your head / There are neither snakes deviant nor norm. In this stanza the persona alludes to air pollution in industrial societies through the expression of “toxic fumes”. This instance of visual imagery evokes in the reader that anger is a pollutant and the person that harbors it contaminates wherever she goes.

in the final stanza, which is quatrain the stress the importance of mental health and the need for

one to take care of his mind. The stanza begins with epigrammatic “” As you think so you feel, which means that an individual should pay attention to the type of thought that he entertains. The persona is aware of the wiles of anger once destruction is imminent, This is in the expression “”rage sets sail”” can ruin lag behind.”

SETTING OF THE POEM RAIDER OF THE TREASURE TROVE

Anger is a reflex action associated with human beings. It is a condition associated with emotion, irrespective of age, gender, race, or class. Therefore, the setting of the poem is said to be universal in the spatial sense, and eternal in the temporary sense.

THEMES OF THE POEM RAIDER OF THE TREASURE TROVE

1.       The ultimate of existence goal of existence

2.       Destructive Impacts of anger

STRUCTURE OF THE POEM RAIDER OF THE TREASURE TROVE

The poem consists of twenty-three lines in four irregular stanzas. Two of the stanza comprise eight lines each. The third stanza consists of five lines with the fourth and last stanza, a couplet. The poet in stanza one established the ultimate goal of man’s existence which is to affect lives positively.

POETIC DEVICES IN THE POEM RAIDER OF THE TREASUER TROVE

1.       Personification: This is a poetic device that human attributes are given to the inanimate object/animaI/abstract quality. This device is predominantly used in stanza 2, Line 11,12,13,14 and 15 where Rage is personified as a raider who is capable of stripping a man of his life.

2.       The use of metaphor is dominant in lines 13 and 14. The poet describes rage as a thief who carts away laughter, sweetness, and joy, and as a foe of tranquil, thereby portraying the injurious nature of rage.

3.       Rhetorical Question: line 1,2,3 and 21 of the poems, the poet uses the rhetorical question to suggest the philosophical stance of the poem.

4.       Enjambment: We see ideas in the runs from one line to another. line 3 runs to line 4: Always strive/To fly flags of joy line 4 runs to line 5, sail up streams/powered by the breeze of love, etc.

7.6 GOVERNMENT DRIVER ON HIS RETIREMENT

ANALYSIS OF THE POEM GOVERNMENT DRIVER ON HIS RETIREMENT

Stanzas 1 and 2 – The poem opens with “Many years on wheels”, where the word ‘wheels’ is used as a synecdoche for a car, to show he is a driver. Also, the repetition of “many years” in the first and second stanzas suggests that the poetic persona likely spends all his entire working life on this driving job.

Stanza 3 – 5 – In these stanzas, he calls his friends and well-wishers to come and celebrate with him. “Come friends, rejoice with me/ Come friends, rejoice more. “Due to his meritorious service, by driving carefully without accidents – “For an undented thirty years of service…” he is being given a brand-new car, as a reward. He talks about alcoholic drinks as the major entertaining edible. “I shall booze…”/” I’ll booze to sleep away my sufferings.”

Stanza 6 – Here in this last stanza, the poetic persona drinks to stupor in the euphoria of his celebration. He risks his life as he engages in a drink -and-drive attitude. What follows is calamity (death!)! “He boomed his brand-new car/ And it sent him home/ Home to rest in peace.”

1. The reward for meritorious service
2. The danger of drink-and-drive attitude
3. The need for moderation
4. The joy of retirement from public service

STRUCTURE OF THE POEM GOVERNMENT DRIVER ON HIS RETIREMENT

The poem is written in seven stanzas of unequal lines. Satire – The poem ridicules the act of dipsomania (excessive craving for alcohol), which is one of the human vices, in order to make amends. The poem has thirty-three lines, divided into seven stanzas of irregular lengths. The poem is narrative in nature and can be broken down into three major parts.

POETIC DEVICES IN THE POEM GOVERNMENT DRIVER ON HIS RETIREMENT

1. Irony – There are cases of irony in the entire poem: (i) He drives all through his service without accidents, only to be involved in a fatal accident on his day of retirement. (ii) He dies in his own car in just one day of being given the car, and not inside the government vehicle he drives for over thirty years. (iii) He dies on the very day he celebrates his retirement.
2. Imagery – The imagery in this poem is simple and vivid. It makes the thematic preoccupation very direct and understandable. The very first line, for instance, gives the picture of the person’s profession with “many years on wheel’. ‘Boozy throat’ in line five gives an image of taste or what is often referred to as gustatory image, which gives us the picture of the persona’s strong appetite for alcohol
3. Anadiplosis – This is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase used at the end of an expression is repeated as the first word or phrase of the following sentence or expression – “And it sent him home, Home to rest in peace.”
4. Personification – More joy to send him home/ Today frees and makes me a king/ And it (car) sent him home. All these give human qualities to inanimate objects.
5. Apostrophe – The poet persona addresses people as if they were present to listen. “Come friends, rejoice with me/ Come friends, rejoice more.” Hyperbaton/ Inversion = This occurs when the normal order of words or expressions is changed.
6. Hyperbole – Joy till no More joy to joy/ Today frees and makes me a king/ Today, he’ll go home a freeman (as if he left prison). The above expressions are overstatements, for the purpose of emphasis.
7. Euphemism – I’ll booze to sleep away my sufferings/ And it sent him home/ Home to rest in peace. All these expressions present ‘death’ in a pleasant way, instead of in an unpleasant way.
8. Repetition – Words like “booze”, “service to fatherland”, “duty rules”, “Joy till no more joy to joy” all being repeated for the purpose of emphasis.
9. Alliteration – This is a poetic device that involves the repetition of an Initial consonant sound — From faithful service to fatherland (“f” alliterates) He battled with his bottle booze” (“b’” alliterates) Today retires he home (“h’ alliterates) And a celebration he holds (“h’ alliterates).
10. Assonance – This is a poetic device that involves the repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases and sentences —“…duty rules”, “booze and zoom”
11. Synecdoche – This uses a part to represent a whole. Examples – The poet uses “wheels” to represent motor vehicles, while “boozy throat” is used to represent the driver.
12. Onomatopoeia – This is the use of words that suggest their meanings through sounds – “zoom”— the sound associated with movement and take-off of a car; “boom” — the sound associated with an auto crash.
13. Pun – This is a poetic device that involves play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word or similar sense or sound of different words. For examples: “Joy till no more joy to joy” (the poet plays with the word ‘joy’) Also, in stanza 1, the poet talks about “home” as a dwelling place (Today retires he home), whereas, in the last stanza, “home” is used to represent death (And it sent him home/ Home to rest in peace.)

SETTING OF THE POEM GOVERNMENT DRIVER ON HIS RETIREMENT

The setting of the poem is the post-colonial African country, most likely Nigeria, where the government is one of the major employers of labor. Due to poor capacity to monitor drunk drivers, there are cases of road accidents. In this poem, the poet persona retires from public service, and he is in high spirit. Government/ public service is ubiquitous (found everywhere); so, the setting could also be global (universal).

MOOD AND TONE OF THE POEM GOVERNMENT DRIVER ON HIS RETIREMENT

The beginning of the poem presents a very happy mood, filled with excitement and fulfillment. The persona feels much fulfilled after spending thirty-five years in public service. He is very excited about this celebration and this runs from the first stanza to the fifth stanza. The last two stanzas are, however, filled with the mood of pity and shock. The reader is very shocked at the sudden turn of death, from the point of merriment to that of the disastrous end of the persona’s life.