16.0 INTRODUCTION
Adaptation is the ability of an organism to live successfully in a particular habitat as a result of its structure, appearance and behaviour. These changes help organisms cope with climate, food sources, predators, and other challenges in their surroundings.
16.1 ADAPTATION OF ANIMALS TO AQUATIC HABITAT
- Streamlined Bodies: Reduces water resistance for efficient swimming.
- Gills: Extract oxygen from water for breathing.
- Fins and Flippers Aid in swimming and manoeuvring.
- Buoyancy: Swim bladders or oil-filled bodies help maintain stability.
- Camouflage: Coloration helps blend into surroundings for protection.
16.2 ADAPTATION OF ANIMALS TO TERRESTRIAL HABITAT
- Lungs: Allow efficient breathing of air.
- Strong Limbs: Enable movement and support on land.
- Body Covering: Fur, skin, or scales prevent water loss and provide protection.
- Temperature Regulation: Adaptations for managing body temperature.
16.3 ADAPTATION OF ANIMALS TO ARBOREAL HABITAT
- Prehensile Limbs: Grasp branches for climbing and movement.
- Climbing Adaptations: Long limbs and claws for navigating trees.
- Camouflage: Coloration helps blend into foliage.
- Dietary Adaptations: Specialized features for feeding on fruits and leaves.
- Social Behavior: Communication and coordination while in trees.
16.4 ADAPTATION OF HYDROPHYTES
Hydrophytes are organisms that grow in water or very moist environment. Its adaptation structures include:
- Floating Leaves: Many hydrophytes have broad, flat leaves that float on the water surface to maximize sunlight exposure.
- Air-filled Spaces: They possess aerenchyma (specialized tissue) that contains air spaces, helping them stay buoyant.
- Reduced Roots: Roots may be less developed since water and nutrients are readily available.
- Flexible Stems: Stems are often flexible to withstand water currents.
- Water Storage: Some hydrophytes can store excess water in their tissues.
16.5 ADAPTATION OF XEROPHYTES
Xerophytes are plants that are adapted to dry, arid environment. Its adaptation structures include:
- Thick Cuticle: A thick waxy cuticle reduces water loss through evaporation.
- Deep Roots: Extensive root systems allow them to access deep water sources.
- Modified Leaves: Leaves may be reduced to spines (like cacti) to minimize water loss.
- Water Storage: Some xerophytes can store water in their stems or leaves.
- Modified Leaves: Leaves may be reduced to spines (like cacti) to minimize water loss.
MESOPHYTES – Mesophytes are plants that live in moderate moisture conditions, neither too wet nor too dry. They thrive in areas with average temperature and rainfall, such as grasslands, gardens, and forests. Examples include tomato, beans, sunflower, mango tree etc.
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